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Very few of us come to work intent on doing harm. However, despite that we all keep making mistakes. Most of them pass unnoticed and… Read more

A-a gradient = Alveolar Oxygen – arterial Oxygen This is “relatively” simple way of working out if the paO2 on a ABG is normal, and demonstrates… Read more

Most of us will have seen patients like this – agitated, aggressive and often with police or security pinning them down. High risk of Cardiovascular… Read more

  AHF Triggers there are many triggers for AHF, which if recognized and treated with help improve outcomes Cardiac: ACS, Arrhythmia, Aortic Dissection, Acute Valve… Read more

Generally we DON’T admit patients acutely solely for “Detox” However the following groups should be admitted [taken from trust guide] Patients requiring admission for another… Read more

Aortic Dissection (AD), is uncommon (1 AD:200 ACS) but is…Rapidly FATAL!  Unfortunately recognising aortic dissection is difficult with a clinician pickup rate of 15-43%. Read more

Asthma is common and potentially fatal. Severity – Severe or Life threatening – think RESUS Treatment within 30 min – bronchodilators and steroids should bee… Read more

Bell’s Plays is a lower motor neurone (LMN) lesion of the facial nerve (CN VII), which causes one side of the face to “droop” [1%… Read more

Cervical artery dissection is a rare but significant cause of stroke and headache/neckache, which is easy to overlook. Leading to a typically delay in diagnosis… Read more

COPD patients vary widely, due to their comorbidities, social circumstances, and wishes. So choosing the best treatment pathway for the patient can be complex. Involve… Read more

Delirium is one of a number of geriatric syndromes and has significant associated morbidity and mortality. 3 subtypes of delirium Hyperactive – easies to spot,… Read more

Things to remember Give NaCl 0.9% Actrapid “Fixed Rate” 0.1unit/kg/hr Basal Insulin (lantus/levemir) give this too – usual time and dose Potassium – if below… Read more

GCA is a is a vasculitis generally seen in the over 50’s and associated with polymyalgia rheumatic (PMR). However, unlike a lot of rheumatology, GCA… Read more

There are numerous causes of headache, however, the pressing question in the ED is, Is this a primary or SECONDARY headache? Primary headaches [e.g. tension… Read more

90% of hypercalcaemia is due to either malignancy or hyperparathyroid. Severity: Adjusted Calcium (Ca) Severe: >3.5mmol/l – URGENT treatment (risk of dysrhythmia) Moderate: 3.0-3.5mmol/l  – PROMPT treatment (maybe well tolerated if… Read more

Remember: is it a haemolysed blood sample? (you can do an iSTAT) Severity Mild: 5.5-5.9mmol/l – No urgent action required (Dietary & Medication modification &… Read more

Hypocalcaemia can life threatening, due to arrhythmias and seizures. Severity – Adjusted Calcium (Ca) Mild: >1.9mmol/l Severe: ≤1.9mmol/l OR Symptomatic Read more

Hypoglycaemia (Blood glucose under 4.0 mmol/l) is potentially fatal and should be treated. it may be defined as “mild” self-treated, or “severe” treated by a… Read more

Remove COLD, Add WARM, Don’t SHAKE Use common sense, and do basics <32’C CORE temperature  probe (skin temp inaccurate) Active renaming (warm fluids etc) Don’t… Read more

In the case of patient with Massive Haemorrhage weather that be from Trauma, Surgical, O&G, UGIB, you can activate the MTP Remember: Do the Basics… Read more

Wear Gloves & Wash Your Hands!!! In September 2018 there have been 2 cases of Monkey pox in the UK (Hence the PHE advice) Monkeypox… Read more

PPCI (Leeds PPCI Pathway) Target: Door to balloon 90min Criteria: Time: Chest pain within 12hrs (or worsened within 12hrs) ECG:  ST elevation MI (1mm Limb… Read more

Often patients with cellulitis, need more than oral antibiotic management. However, they are not so sick to require hospital admission. OPAT allows suitable patients to… Read more

BTS Definition of CAP Signs of acute Lower Respiratory Tract illness (LRTI) [Cough] &:  ≥1 other LRTI Symptom [Pleuritic pain, Tachypnea, Dyspnea, etc] New Focal Chest… Read more

On rare occasions you may receive a pre-alert, where you want blood available for the patient when they arrive (for example in major haemorrhage). This… Read more

Before you start treating make sure you ask a few question Questions Whats the cause? – treating the precipitant often sorts the AF (adding B-Blockers… Read more

Is a rare complication of I.V. Phenytoin, which presents with a triad of: Pain, Oedema & Discolouration, typically in the hand. In our case a… Read more

Recent Incident: Bat contact was not recognized (effectively touching a bat without gloves means treatment is recommended) Rabies is an acute viral encephalomyelitis caused by members of… Read more

Scombroid poisoning (AKA – Histamine fish poisoning) is apparently more common than we think and accounts for 40% of seafood related illness in the USA… Read more

Background Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body’s response to an infection injures its own tissues and organs. Sepsis can lead to… Read more

First Aid (ALL) Encourage bleeding Wash with copious amounts of water or saline Don’t Suck Don’t use Caustic agents   Read more

Painful Crisis Severe pain is the most common reason that patients with sickle cell, will attend the ED. The pain can be agonising (and often… Read more

Defintion:Transient Loss of Consciousness (TLOC) due to cerebral hypoperfusion, characterised by a rapid onset, short duration, and spontaneous complete recovery. Common ED Complaint: 1.7% of all attendances Difficult… Read more

Background Cardiac arrhythmias are relatively common presentations to ED. There are many causes, some more sinister than others. If your patient is not acutely unwell… Read more

Vertigo is not always labyrinthitis!! There are some potentially serious conditions to think about. Your main question should be  is it peripheral or central [badness].… Read more