If we have ample warning or the number of patients will be significant, it may be worth deploying the decontamination tent but remember setting this up is time consuming.
Occasionally patients with Tracheostomy or Laryngectomy present with difficulty breathing due to problem. As this is rare for us in ED, this situation can be very difficult for all of us. However the protocols below can help.
Tracheostomy
Tracheostomy is simply a passage from the neck into the trachea. In most cases the trachea will still be connected to the nose and mouth (so can breath though their mouth too).
Like tension pneumothorax the biggest step is deciding to do it – Remember it it sight saving and they heal well
Retrobulbar Haematoma secondary to blunt eye injury is a a rare but potentially sight threatening injury.
Blood collects in the retrobulbar space
Pushing the eye forward to accommodate the extra volume.
The Orbital Septum (made up of the eyelids and ligaments that attach them to the orbital rim) restricts this forward movement, creating a compartment syndrome for the eye. Thus threatening the patients sight if not treated quickly.
Recognition
From Royal College Ophthalmologists
Severe pain
Red/Congested conjunctiva
Exophthalmos with proptosis – eye pushed forward
Internal ophthalmoplegia – impairment or loss of the pupillary reflex.
Visual flashes
Loss of vision – initially colour vision (esp. red), progressing to local visual loss.
However, this may only be recognised on CT if there is significant facial injury and altered conscious level.
Treatment
Call Ophthalmology immediately to attend. If there is going to be any significant delay, it may be necessary for ED to preform a Lateral Canthotomy, to allow the eye to move forward, reduce the orbital pressure & preserve the patients sight.
NIV should be considered for use in patients with a persisting Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failures after a maximum of one hour of standard medical therapy.
Complete the Ad-hoc form
Increase pressures from Initial 12/5 cmH2O to 20/5cmH2O – as tolerated over 1st hour
However, ICU should be contacted early if the patient has one of the following:
Asthma – Intubation the option of choice in Life threatening
Pneumonia– NIV should only be considered as a bridge to intubation
No pre-exisiting respiratory issue – NIV not likely helpful
pH <7.25 (low threshold for ICU input)
pCO2 >6.5kPa (low threshold for ICU input)
Type 1 Respiratory Failure (low threshold for ICU input)
Hyponatraema is a common finding, especially within our elderly population. However, its significance is is not a simple numbers game, and needs senior input. Prior to treatment the following need to be considered and balanced.
Symptoms Severity – these are not exclusive to hyponatraemia and may be due to other disease processes (esp. if the low sodium is long-term)
Sodium Level – the sodium concentration doesn’t always correlate to the clinical picture, and is dependant on speed of change, and co-morbidities
Rate of Drop – the faster sodium levels drop the more symptomatic the patient often is (i.e. with long term hyponatraema the patient may be profoundly hyponatraemic but asymptomatic)
Co-morbidities – Increasing sodium too quickly risks osmotic demyelination. How well will the patient cope with treatment?
Emergency treatment (hypertonic saline) is generally indicated in those with Severe Symptoms ONLY
Pregnant patients with Severe Life threatening conditions e.g serious trauma, cardiac arrest, serious medical condition
Manage as per ALS/ATLS/MOET guidance (Don’t forget uterine displacement manually).
Complete triage of patient and assess fetal gestation and viability. This is not primarily to assess fetal well-being but to influence maternal management
Obstetric/Gynae Registrar to be fast bleeped and to attend resus as soon as possible. If they are not contactable or unable to immediately attend, contact the on-call obstetric consultant.
Phone the midwifery LDRP coordinator on Tel 01422 223524
Senior midwife to accompany SpR.
Prepare resus area for emergency caesarean section (equipment in ED).
Call the obstetric consultant on call if not already done.
Contact the neonatal unit if delivery is imminent. (But do not delay delivery awaiting neonatal team’s arrival)
Pregnant patients with a major medical illness potentially requiring admission, e.g. severe asthma/suspected PE
Manage as per normal protocols for that condition.
Obstetric/Midwifery input may be required, therefore contact the LDRP Coordinator telephone 01422 223524.
Dependent on the clinical situation, appropriate specialty team to review and/or inform the consultant of admission.
Daily review/status check of the patient in relevant clinical areas.
Minor injury or medical illness not necessarily requiring admission, e.g. minor fracture or mild asthma attack
Manage as per normal protocols and treat as appropriate.
If there are no fetal or obstetric concerns, discharge as appropriate.
Pregnant women attending less than 16 weeks to be discussed with the Early Pregnancy Assessment Unit( EPAU)
All pregnant women attending ED with reduced fetal movements should be referred to either the Maternity Assessment Centre (MAC) as soon as possible.
If there is a history of reduced fetal movements, bleeding per vagina, headache, raised blood pressure or history of a knock to the abdomen or abdominal pain or concerns or anxiety; then an antenatal review would be indicated by an obstetric/gynae doctor or midwife.
It may be appropriate for the women to be reviewed in ED or Maternity Assessment Centre (MAC) after discussion with a midwife, the obstetric registrar or SHO on call. If the woman is to be reviewed in MAC or other maternity areas she should be escorted to the area.
NB: have a low threshold for suspected thromboembolic disease and possibly escalate
Stable women with an obstetric problem with no other issues, e.g. labour, PV bleeding, abdominal pain, reduced foetal movements, raised blood pressure, or headache
All pregnant women attending with reduced ED with reduced fetal movements should be referred to either the Maternity Assessment Centre (MAC) or Antenatal Day Unit (ANDU) as soon as possible.
Contact the maternity unit via the midwifery co-ordinator on LDRP Tel 01422 223524
Transfer to ANDU/MAC/LDRP as advised by above.
If the woman is to be reviewed in ANDU/ MAC/ LDRP she should be escorted to the area.
Pregnant women attending less than 16 weeks to be discussed with the Early Pregnancy Assessment Unit (EPAU)
Ensure the woman has booked for maternity care. If she has not booked for care she should be asked to arrange the booking appointment
If these women have presented during working hours the on call registrar (bleep 509) can assess if the patient can be managed in ANDU at HRI depending on gestation and severity of symptoms. Out of hours contact MAC or LDRP at CRH.
Pregnant patients who have attempted suicide or presented with a psychiatric problem
Contact the mental health liaison team to come and review the patient
Psychiatric services to be contacted following the Guideline for. The Care of Pregnant Women Suffering Maternal Mental Health Problems available on the Intranet.
Associated injuries/illness to be treated appropriately as per previous categories.
If there is a history of reduced fetal movements, bleeding per vagina, headache, raised blood pressure or history of abdominal trauma or abdominal pain, call the obstetric Registrar on call for advice and possible review.
The on call team should inform the patient’s consultant or assign a consultant as per unit policy.
Contact the LDRP co-ordinator Tel 01422 223524 to inform community midwifery team and Perinatal Mental Health Lead.
Antenatal follow-up (with community midwife or consultant as appropriate) appointment to be arranged within 10 days of discharge from hospital or psychiatric care.
Pregnant patients who present as victims of domestic abuse (suspected or confirmed)
Treat any injuries sustained as discussed depending on the category.
If there are any obstetric concerns, a history of reduced fetal movements, bleeding per vagina, headache, raised blood pressure or history of a trauma to the abdomen or abdominal pain; or concerns raised by the woman then please contact the maternity unit via LDRP for advice and possible review.
Safeguarding protocols should be enacted, even if this is her first pregnancy.
Contact the LDRP co-ordinator Tel 01422 223524 to ensure community midwifery follow-up
Provide support and information, explaining that violent assault by a partner represents a real potential threat to her life in the future, the willingness of police to protect her and the availability of domestic abuse support organisations